WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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This is the Technical Difficulties,
we're playing Citation Needed.

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Joining me today, he reads books y'know,
it's Chris Joel.

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Nepo Slian.

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Where the f*** did you get that from?

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Everybody's favourite Gary Brannan,
Gary Brannan.

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♪ Trailer for sale or rent,
underpants like a tent. ♪

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And the bounciest man on the internet,
Matt Gray.

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Please let us know if you spot the secret
shamanist message in this show.

9
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" 'Eezer goode."

10
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Oh! F*** that.

11
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That is the most reluctant clap
I have ever heard for an introduction.

12
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Matt, they're going to sound like
they're at gunpoint.

13
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In front of me, I've got an article from
Wikipedia and these folks can't see it.

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Every fact they get right is a point and a ding

15
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and there's a special prize
for particularly good answers which is:

16
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Oh, they're in tune tonight.

17
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And today we are talking about a hail cannon.

18
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Is it a cannon that shoots hail?

260
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No.

20
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Did this belong to Ming the Merciless?

21
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"Klytus, I'm bored.
What plaything can you offer me today?"

22
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"A vibrator, or a cannon that shoots hail."

23
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Are you using those for the same thing?

24
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Because wow.

25
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I was about to say,
that's a very weird version of Flash Gordon

26
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but there literally is a parody of…
of Flash Gordon.

27
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-That would be Flesh Gordon.
-Yes.

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Which went around at my school like hotcakes,
let me tell you.

29
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The hail cannon does not shoot hail.

30
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Is it a "meteorological event"?

31
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-Ooh!
-Why did I say that like Michael Gambon?

32
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"Izzita-meteorological-event?"

33
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Is it something like cloud seeding?

162
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Ooh.

35
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So a hail cannon might be something you set off
from a plane into the clouds

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to make hail happen.

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[TOGETHER] Why would you want that?

38
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Now in stereo.

39
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I'm giving…
I'm giving biscuits there for two reasons.

40
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First, stereo,
and secondly, that is a very good question.

41
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The hail cannon does not create hailstones,
you wouldn't want that.

42
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What would you want?

43
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Does it stop hailstones?
Does it slush them?

44
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It is a shockwave generator
claimed to disrupt the formation of hailstones.

45
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Ooh! Ooh!

46
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You look surprised by this, Chris.

47
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-No.
-Yes.

48
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-No.
-Either that or you've just sat on yourself.

49
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"Ooh, me hailstones!"

50
00:02:37.320 --> 00:02:38.840
Well, they've been shattered.

51
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Was this first discovered when Brian Blessed
climbed Mount Everest

52
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in that a loud enough shockwave
which shatter water?

53
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"Stop that, I'm camping!"

54
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Oh, it's just a big bang, so it is just a
cannon that makes a big loud thing,

55
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and then the big loud thing makes the hail go,
"No, I'm not going to be hail anymore."

56
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Apparently, yes.

57
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What, 'I'm going back up'?

58
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It just looks like a big cone with a box
at the bottom of it.

59
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What do they put in the box?

60
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A man's part, then slam the lid shut.

61
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Oh! Oh, that'll get a loud noise, that would.

62
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That would get a very loud noise.

63
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Acetylene and oxygen.

64
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Hang on a minute, is this farting into clouds?

65
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I've talked about this before.

66
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-I still think it was a good...
-Yes, but you meant you had your arse

67
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against a plane window
and were hoping for the best.

68
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Yeah, but in the service of humanity.

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It's basically a contained
'boomph' of an explosion,

70
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And then all that force gets projected
up into the sky.

71
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-It's a airzooka.
-Yeah.

72
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I'm being hesitant about saying
that's what it's doing.

73
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Has no one ever actually done it?

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Lots of people have done it.

75
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These are installed in a lot of places.

76
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Has no one measured their success?

77
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-I mean…
-"Never been cited in a peer reviewed journal."

78
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Oh, just because it's never hailed
after that's happened

79
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doesn't mean it was going to hail
to begin with.

80
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Because you can't tell.

81
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There has been a review,

82
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which is why I didn't give you a point for
'Has no one done the research?'

83
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They have done the research
and the results were...?

84
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Inconclusive.

85
00:04:03.240 --> 00:04:04.560
No, pretty conclusive.

86
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-Didn't work?
-Yes.

87
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People are firing massive amounts

88
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of explosive gases in the air
to create a massive boom,

89
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for no f***ing reason at all.

90
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-Yes.
-I love our race.

91
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There is another reason to doubt it.

92
00:04:18.320 --> 00:04:20.960
What else happens near hailstorms

93
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that would be a heck of a lot more powerful
than one of these cannons?

94
00:04:23.360 --> 00:04:24.840
Brian Blessed, skydiving.

95
00:04:25.400 --> 00:04:27.320
-Planes?
-Thunderbolts and lightning.

96
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-Correct.
-Because everything else on the show hasn't.

97
00:04:27.320 --> 00:04:29.380
-Correct.
[TOGETHER] -Very, very frightening.

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F***!

99
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At least that one was vaguely scripted.

100
00:04:42.480 --> 00:04:45.880
Which does bring me to something
called a cloud buster.

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Oh, now, this was a song by Kate Bush.

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Oh! Oh! Gary.

103
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Thank you.

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It was, this was the device that inspired
the Kate Bush song, Cloudbusting.

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'I'm running up that hill, I'm something,
something, something else,'

106
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but it's about the man runs up a hill and is he
like a scientist who's arrested at the end?

107
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I'm remembering the video
more than the actual facts here.

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You say scientist,
the man's name was Wilhelm Reich.

109
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He was Austrian and a psychoanalyst.

110
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So not innately qualified to do weather.

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No. No.

112
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And the cloud buster
wasn't like the hail cannon.

113
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It had a very different intent.

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To make it rain?

115
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To make it rain by doing what?

116
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Did they lob dogs named Buster
up into the clouds?

117
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Did they lob copies of the 1980s film about the
Great Train Robbery, 'Buster', into the air?

118
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-Do you want to be the third one on this, Chris...
-No.

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No, okay.

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Okay. No.

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It was a series of parallel hollow metal tubes
at the end.

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Tubular bells?

123
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Flexible hoses
and then those are placed in water.

124
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Is he shooting water into a cloud
to make it rain?

125
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No, I've just described the entire thing,
you've got…

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-It's just a thing sat there?
-Some tubes, some hoses

127
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and some water and it claims to manipulate
something called orgone energy.

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Oh!

129
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It's bollocks.

130
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Yes, it is.

131
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O-R-G-O-N-E, it might be 'org-own' or 'org-on'.

132
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It literally has a mark in Wikipedia here,
it says

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'Orgone: pronunciation?'

134
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No one knows.

135
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And then it says it is a pseudoscientific concept

136
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and there are seven references
after the word 'pseudoscientific'.

137
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There's been some arguments here.

138
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Officially bollocks.

139
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What is orgone energy supposed to be?

140
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It's the chi version but for weather.

141
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Oh, it's a bit further than that.

142
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Is it supposed to be the equivalent
of whatever dark matter is?

143
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Is it some kind of surrounding force
that holds water in?

144
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It's actually, it's not just to do with water.

145
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Is it a life force, is it a binding life force?

146
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Yes, it is essentially
the Force from Star Wars.

147
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It is an esoteric energy,
a hypothetical universal life force.

148
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And by putting a vibraphone into some water
via some hoses, I can make the Force cry.

149
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What you have done there, Gary,
is just give the best…

150
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the best summing up of the cloud buster
that I think I've ever heard.

151
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(Kate Bush, call me.)

152
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This is moving back now to actually trying
to make rain.

153
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This is not orgone and the cloud buster,
this is the US military.

154
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And they created Operation Popeye,
1967 to 1972.

155
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Any ideas where that might have been?

156
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-Vietnam.
-Yes, absolutely right.

157
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Why might the US military during
the Vietnam War, have wanted to make rain?

158
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-Is this Napalm?
-No. No, this is literal rain.

159
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Is it to kind of drive them out of the jungle
because it's so very wet,

160
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-and horrible and they don't like it anymore?
-No.

161
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Is it to wash off all the Agent Orange
that they've used to poison the entire country?

162
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Ooh.

163
00:07:48.360 --> 00:07:50.560
Is it to get Agent Orange into the rainfall

164
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and then use that to drop it
rather than the aeroplanes?

165
00:07:52.640 --> 00:07:56.880
No, it's actually,
it's more of a tactic about logistics.

166
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Well, to make the roads muddy?

167
00:07:58.080 --> 00:07:59.520
-Yes.
-So they can't move things around.

168
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Yes, soften the road surfaces,
cause landslides, wash out river crossings.

169
00:08:03.800 --> 00:08:06.800
And one other thing
about the climate in Vietnam.

170
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-Make it very humid and therefore…
-It already is.

171
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-It already is, isn't it?
-What happens there,

172
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-about certain times of the year?
-Monsoon season.

173
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Yes. The idea was to extend monsoon season,
with the 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron.

174
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Who had a slogan, and it was, it ended with the
words 'Not war'.

175
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-What were the first two?
-Make rain.

176
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'Make something, not war.'

177
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-Water.
-Wet?

178
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Okay, you've got the rain,
you've got the ground, you put them together.

179
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Slippery.

180
00:08:37.680 --> 00:08:39.840
-Make slippery, not war?
-Yes.

181
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Yes, sounds perfectly reasonable to me.

182
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'Make mud, not war' was their slogan.

183
00:08:44.760 --> 00:08:46.600
But weren't they making mud to make war?

184
00:08:46.600 --> 00:08:48.120
-Yes.
-No!

185
00:08:48.120 --> 00:08:53.380
They conducted 50 experiments in the
Laos Panhandle.

186
00:08:53.380 --> 00:08:55.600
And the government of Laos,
what did they think about this?

187
00:08:55.600 --> 00:08:58.280
Did they not even notice
because nothing happened?

188
00:09:00.800 --> 00:09:03.080
You're close, but no.

189
00:09:03.080 --> 00:09:06.040
Were they annoyed that they were flying about
all that and then nothing happened?

190
00:09:06.040 --> 00:09:09.880
-No. No, they weren't annoyed by it at all.
-Did they like it because it watered their crops-

191
00:09:09.880 --> 00:09:11.600
-No, they didn't like it either.
-Did they notice?

192
00:09:11.600 --> 00:09:13.680
They weren't actually even told about it.

193
00:09:13.680 --> 00:09:16.160
-Cheeky.
-The US government just decided to fly over

194
00:09:16.160 --> 00:09:21.000
and seed some clouds with lead iodide
and silver iodide.

195
00:09:21.000 --> 00:09:22.840
Oh! Oh, they're bad.

196
00:09:22.840 --> 00:09:24.280
-They are.
-Purple rain?

197
00:09:26.400 --> 00:09:27.840
Bloody Prince again.

198
00:09:27.840 --> 00:09:29.560
Isn't iodine purple?

247
00:09:29.560 --> 00:09:31.400
Yes.

200
00:09:31.400 --> 00:09:33.400
I've never listened to the lyrics
of Purple Rain before.

201
00:09:33.400 --> 00:09:36.200
Neither have I and I'm rapidly thinking,
are they about this now?

202
00:09:36.200 --> 00:09:37.920
No, no, no, they're not. No.

203
00:09:38.120 --> 00:09:39.640
Wait, I'm going to check that.

204
00:09:44.840 --> 00:09:47.640
Because let me… let me tell you,
if it turns out purple rain,

205
00:09:47.640 --> 00:09:51.120
is actually about the US military's
cloud seeding experiments in Laos,

206
00:09:51.120 --> 00:09:52.560
I am giving you biscuits.

207
00:09:53.840 --> 00:09:56.800
Prince explained the meaning of Purple Rain
as follows,

208
00:09:56.800 --> 00:10:00.180
"when there's blood in the sky,
red and blue equals purple".

209
00:10:00.180 --> 00:10:04.360
So unfortunately, no, it's not about
the US military seeding with lead iodide.

210
00:10:05.520 --> 00:10:06.960
But it could have been.

211
00:10:06.960 --> 00:10:08.280
Yeah, sure.

212
00:10:08.920 --> 00:10:11.460
Also I'm fairly sure lead iodide
is not actually purple.

213
00:10:11.460 --> 00:10:14.360
No, as soon as you change iodine into something
else it would lose it's colour, wouldn't it?

214
00:10:14.360 --> 00:10:16.360
Facts kill humour, kids.

215
00:10:18.640 --> 00:10:20.240
But the question is, did it work?

216
00:10:23.720 --> 00:10:29.200
Yes, 82% of the clouds produced rain
within a brief period after having been seeded.

217
00:10:29.200 --> 00:10:31.040
Wow, that's very wet.

218
00:10:31.040 --> 00:10:32.920
So it did work,

219
00:10:34.160 --> 00:10:37.080
but nowadays you're not allowed to do that,
why not?

220
00:10:37.080 --> 00:10:39.120
Some kind of treaty that says, 'Don't do that.'

221
00:10:39.120 --> 00:10:42.840
Weather modification treaties because it could
be used as an act of war?

222
00:10:42.840 --> 00:10:46.880
Ooh, you are absolutely right, it is the
Environmental Modification Convention.

223
00:10:46.880 --> 00:10:48.000
Have a point.

224
00:10:48.000 --> 00:10:49.240
Which was signed...

225
00:10:49.240 --> 00:10:51.840
The Weather-a-bugger-about-y Treaty.
and now we're going to a song, ♪ whoa... ♪

226
00:10:51.840 --> 00:10:55.080
Yes, the Weather-a-bugger-about-y Treaty.
that's really hard to say.

227
00:10:55.080 --> 00:10:56.840
It's the Weather-a-bugger-about-y Treaty.

228
00:11:00.840 --> 00:11:02.800
♪ The Weather-a-bugger-about-y Treaty ♪

229
00:11:04.040 --> 00:11:08.200
Yes, it is a ban on weather modification
techniques

230
00:11:08.200 --> 00:11:10.920
and on the use of herbicides in warfare.

231
00:11:11.400 --> 00:11:13.280
When might that have come into use?

232
00:11:13.280 --> 00:11:14.200
End of Vietnam.

233
00:11:14.200 --> 00:11:18.280
Yeah, in 1977, Agent Orange
and everything was banned by that treaty.

234
00:11:18.280 --> 00:11:20.400
Did they ban the modification of Kate Bush
as well?

235
00:11:20.400 --> 00:11:22.200
How would you modify Kate Bush?

236
00:11:22.200 --> 00:11:25.160
-Get rid of hailing.
-You're right, she can't be improved upon.

237
00:11:25.160 --> 00:11:27.920
There is a link,
at the bottom of Operation Popeye.

238
00:11:27.920 --> 00:11:30.040
Does it say never get involved
in a land war in Asia?

239
00:11:30.040 --> 00:11:31.280
It says…

240
00:11:31.600 --> 00:11:34.500
It says Project Storm Fury.

241
00:11:34.500 --> 00:11:35.720
-F***!
-Yeah.

242
00:11:35.720 --> 00:11:39.640
I want it, I want a badge, I want a hat with
it on, the whole thing, Project Storm Fury,

243
00:11:39.640 --> 00:11:42.320
unless it killed a lot of people,
in which case I am less interested.

244
00:11:42.320 --> 00:11:45.880
What was the US government trying to do
between '62 and '83

245
00:11:45.880 --> 00:11:48.480
with planes filled with silver iodide?

246
00:11:48.480 --> 00:09:29.560
-Anger the weather.
-Un-anger the weather.

247
00:09:29.560 --> 00:09:31.400
Yes.

248
00:11:52.680 --> 00:11:55.880
Make friends with weather
and then use it against them.

249
00:11:55.880 --> 00:11:59.220
Why would the US government, not the military;

250
00:11:59.220 --> 00:12:01.040
I nearly said US military,
but it's the government,

251
00:12:01.040 --> 00:12:04.840
why would they want to modify the weather
on a large scale?

252
00:12:04.840 --> 00:12:06.320
Get rid of the tornado belt.

253
00:12:06.320 --> 00:12:08.840
Ooh, it's close, it's not quite tornados

254
00:12:08.840 --> 00:12:11.080
but something else that's been hitting them
more lately.

255
00:12:11.080 --> 00:12:12.080
Oh, hurricanes.

256
00:12:12.080 --> 00:12:13.680
Yes, tropical cyclones.

257
00:12:13.680 --> 00:12:17.400
The idea was that they would fly an aircraft
into a cyclone.

258
00:12:17.400 --> 00:12:18.760
Was it a Hurricane?

259
00:12:18.760 --> 00:01:10.680
Fly a Hurricane into a hurricane?

260
00:01:10.680 --> 00:01:11.520
No.

261
00:12:23.160 --> 00:12:25.040
(The Hurricane is a type of plane.)

262
00:12:25.040 --> 00:12:26.080
Used in the olden days.

263
00:12:26.080 --> 00:12:29.360
Yes. No, it was a Lockheed P-3.

264
00:12:32.360 --> 00:12:34.560
-Is that… is that a dull plane?
-Mmm.

265
00:12:34.560 --> 00:12:37.320
I don't know if you were saying
that was a dull fact or it's a dull plane.

266
00:12:37.320 --> 00:12:39.920
-Both.
-It's a dull plane being flown into a hurricane.

267
00:12:39.920 --> 00:12:41.840
What, you think it's just a way
to get rid of them?

268
00:12:41.840 --> 00:12:46.240
Some US army general, "We need more B1 Bombers,
they've got Swing Wings, God damn it.

269
00:12:46.240 --> 00:12:48.000
"Fly the P-3s into a hurricane."

270
00:12:50.000 --> 00:12:53.040
"Turn that recording of the meeting off,
we've heard enough."

271
00:12:53.040 --> 00:12:57.400
Yeah, the idea was that it would just fly in.
Just fly in…!

272
00:12:57.400 --> 00:13:00.700
Presumably with Slim Pickens on the top
in his cowboy hat.

273
00:13:00.700 --> 00:13:01.880
"Wahoo!"

274
00:13:02.520 --> 00:13:07.400
And the answer is they probably didn't
make it work, but they did…

275
00:13:07.400 --> 00:13:09.520
Well, we still have lots of hurricanes.

276
00:13:09.520 --> 00:13:11.880
Yeah, it probably wasn't actually going to
affect anything,

277
00:13:11.880 --> 00:13:15.680
but they did get a positive outcome out of it,
what might that have been?

278
00:13:15.680 --> 00:13:16.800
Less P-3s.

279
00:13:16.800 --> 00:13:18.560
Fewer P-3 Orions, yeah.

280
00:13:18.560 --> 00:13:22.440
They absolutely found it didn't work but that
involves doing something, finding that out.

281
00:13:22.440 --> 00:13:24.400
A massive amount of weather research.

282
00:13:24.400 --> 00:13:28.820
Yes, that's absolutely right,
out of this attempt to seed the clouds,

283
00:13:28.820 --> 00:13:32.000
they found a huge amount of research that
helped them forecast future hurricanes.

284
00:13:32.000 --> 00:13:34.680
I was going to say this sounds very 50s,
but the fact they were actually trying,

285
00:13:34.680 --> 00:13:37.880
-it feels a bit later.
-1962 to 1983, have the last point.

286
00:13:37.880 --> 00:13:41.000
Yay!

287
00:13:41.000 --> 00:13:43.640
And with that, congratulations,
Matt, you win the show.

288
00:13:44.960 --> 00:13:47.720
You win a vertical purple lead arse.

289
00:13:49.400 --> 00:13:51.480
It's a plumb plum plumbum bum.

290
00:13:53.800 --> 00:13:55.840
With that we say thank you to Chris Joel,

291
00:13:57.560 --> 00:13:58.720
to Gary Brannan,

292
00:13:59.320 --> 00:14:00.400
to Matt Gray.

293
00:14:01.000 --> 00:14:02.800
I've been Tom Scott, we'll see you next time.